Economists are united in support of free trade. Free trade brings great benefits: productivity is increased due to greater specialization from division of labor and all participants enjoy gains from trade. Any restrictions on trade move us away from this optimum. To the extent that beneficial trades are foregone, prosperity is sacrificed and waste is promoted. But the logic of the argument applies not only on the level of nations—it also applies with full force on the level of individuals.
The argument for free trade is a simple, logical proof. Trade is defined as voluntary exchange. From this it follows that all trades are mutually beneficial (ex ante). In other words, each party in a trade expects to benefit. If this were not so, then the exchange would not occur. Nobody will make a trade that they believe will leave them worse off. One would only make a disadvantageous exchange if it were involuntary—but this violates our definition of trade as voluntary exchange. Evidently, if all trades are undertaken because both parties expect to benefit, then any restriction of trade can only serve to eliminate gains from trade. Unrestricted free trade maximizes prosperity. This follows directly from the logic of voluntary exchange.
Now, if economists contend that tariffs are bad because they eliminate mutually beneficial exchanges and breed inefficiency, then they must also oppose sales taxes. For what is a sales tax but a tariff on trade between individuals? Sales taxes increase the cost of trades, eliminating mutually beneficial exchanges. They discourage specialization and trade, and encourage inefficient self-sufficient production.
Furthermore, this principle applies to all taxes that add to the marginal cost of production and trade. An income tax, for example, increases the marginal cost of producing for trade (a portion of each additional dollar earned is lost as taxes). This discourages production and reduces prosperity. It also encourages inefficient self-sufficient production (they don’t tax the work you do for yourself… yet). The only tax that wouldn’t harm incentives to produce and trade would be a tax of fixed amount unrelated to income or wealth (also known as a head tax). Of course, taking peoples’s money via taxation harms them, but a head tax wouldn’t do the added damage of reducing the incentive to produce and trade. Needless to say, a head tax would never be implemented in practice, as it would effectively end the welfare state.
In conclusion, if economists are to be consistent in their principled support of free trade, they must also oppose sales taxes on exactly the same grounds. If a tariff is a bad way to raise government revenues, then so is a sales tax. By the same principle, they must also oppose any tax related to income or wealth. These taxes harm the incentives to produce and trade. If economists are not willing to accept these conclusions, then they must also weaken their support for free trade.
good points.
the head tax you mention is a valid fee for the protection of each individual from harm, whether local harm or harm from outside the borders.
but, the other tax that could be justified is a land fee. after all, land owners receive an enormous subsidy from the government paid for by all taxpayers. private property is enabled, maintained and protected by government. without government, maintaining and protecting one’s property would be expensive and involve much energy and much ownership would be a losing cost or at best a wash.
i have no problem of eliminating government subsidy of private property [eliminating any arm of gov that deals with property and only retaining gov protection of the individual from agressive physical force] but i do have a problem with ownership of anything when the costs of ownership are transferred to those who have no part in ownership.
in this light, a land fee is simply a user fee and lack of one is socialism.